Solvents can be broadly classified into two categories: polar and non-polar. Solutions can be formed with many different types and forms of solutes and solvents. The solute is the substance that is being dissolved, while the solvent is the dissolving medium. A solution is a homogeneous mixture consisting of a solute dissolved into a solvent. When one substance dissolves into another, a solution is formed. However, solvation resembles a coordination complex formation reaction, often with considerable energetics (heat of solvation and entropy of solvation) and is thus far from a neutral process. Solvation does not cause a chemical reaction or chemical configuration changes in the solute. This arrangement is mediated by the respective chemical properties of the solvent and solute, such as hydrogen bonding, dipole moment and polarizability. Heat transfer is involved and entropy is increased making the solution more thermodynamically stable than the solute and solvent separately. When something is dissolved, molecules of the solvent arrange around molecules of the solute. In addition to mixing, the substances in a solution interact with each other at the molecular level. The ability of one compound to be dissolved in another is known as solubility if this occurs in all proportions, it is called miscible. A solvent-solute mixture consists of a single phase with all solute molecules occurring as solvates (solvent-solute complexes), as opposed to separate continuous phases as in suspensions, emulsions and other types of non-solution mixtures. In a solution, all of the ingredients are uniformly distributed at a molecular level and no residue remains. This is opposed to the situation when the compounds are insoluble like sand in water. When one substance is dissolved into another, a solution is formed. Solvents find various applications in chemical, pharmaceutical, oil, and gas industries, including in chemical syntheses and purification processes. tetrachloroethylene) as paint thinners ( toluene, turpentine) as nail polish removers and solvents of glue ( acetone, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate) in spot removers ( hexane, petrol ether) in detergents ( citrus terpenes) and in perfumes ( ethanol). Specific uses for organic solvents are in dry cleaning (e.g. Major uses of solvents are in paints, paint removers, inks, and dry cleaning. Water is a solvent for polar molecules, and the most common solvent used by living things all the ions and proteins in a cell are dissolved in water within the cell. A solvent is usually a liquid but can also be a solid, a gas, or a supercritical fluid. For other uses, see Solvent (disambiguation).Ī solvent (from the Latin solvō, "loosen, untie, solve") is a substance that dissolves a solute, resulting in a solution.
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